Optical interleaver, filter cell, and component design with reduced chromatic dispersion

ABSTRACT

An optical interleaver for use in a range of telecommunications applications including optical multiplexers/demultiplexers and optical routers. The optical device includes an optical processing loop which allows multi-stage performance characteristics to be achieved with a single physical filtration stage. Optical processing on the first leg and second legs of the loop is asymmetrical thereby improving the integrity of the optical signals by effecting complementary chromatic dispersion on the first and second legs. A fundamental filter cell within the interleaver filters optical signals propagating on each of the two legs of the optical loop which intersects the fundamental filter cell.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.10/170,055 entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AN OPTICAL MULTIPLEXER ANDDEMULTIPLEXER WITH AN OPTICAL PROCESSING LOOP” filed Jun. 12, 2002,which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. The Field of the Invention

The present disclosure generally relates to optical interleavers,filters, and components, and more particularly to optical interleavers,filters, and components for optical fiber communication networks.

2. Background and Related Art

The Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) standard defines a hierarchy ofmultiplexing levels and standard protocols which allow efficient use ofthe wide bandwidth of fiber optic cable, while providing a means tomerge lower level DS0 and DS1 signals into a common medium. Currentlyoptical communication is accomplished by what is known as “wavelengthdivision multiplexing” (WDM), in which separate subscriber/data sessionsmay be handled concurrently on a single optic fiber by means ofmodulation of each of those subscriber data streams on differentportions, a.k.a. channels, of the light spectrum.

The spacing between channels is constantly being reduced as theresolution and signal separation capabilities of multiplexers anddemultiplexers are improved. Current International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) specifications call for channel separations of approximately0.4 nm, i.e., 50 GHz. At this channel separation as many as 128 channelsmay be supported in C-band alone. Each channel is modulated on aspecific center frequency, within the range of 1525-1575 nm, with thecenter frequency of each channel provided by a corresponding one of 128semiconductor lasers. The modulated information from each of thesemiconductor lasers is combined (multiplexed) onto a single optic fiberfor transmission. As the length of a fiber increases the signal strengthdecreases. To offset signal attenuation erbium doped fiber amplifiers(EDFAs) are used at selected locations along the communication path toboost signal strength for all the channels. At the receiving end theprocesses is reversed, with all the channels on a single fiber separated(demultiplexed), and demodulated optically and/or electrically.

Optical filters play important roles in handling these opticalcommunications for the telecommunications industry. They performwavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing of the 128 or more opticalchannels. They may also be used to gain scale EDFAs by flattening theirgain profile.

The requirements for optical filters used for any of these applicationsare very demanding. The close spacing between the channels in a WDM,makes it desirable to design a WDM with flat pass bands in order toincrease the error tolerance. This is primarily because the centerwavelength of a transmitter slips with temperature. Further, thecascading of the WDM stages causes the pass bands to become narrower ateach WDM down the chain. Therefore, the larger the pass bands thegreater the shift tolerance of the channel. With faster data rates, itis also becoming increasingly important to reduce or eliminate sourcesof chromatic dispersion while processing optical signals.

Various devices, such as multi-stage band and comb splitters, have beenproposed to fill these new demanding requirements and none are fullysatisfactory. In a multi-stage band splitter, the first stage makes acoarse split of two wavelength ranges, and subsequent stages make finerand finer splits of sub-bands within each of the wavelength ranges. In amulti-stage comb splitter, the first demultiplexing stage filters outtwo interlaced periodic sets of relatively narrow band passes and thesubsequent stages employ wider band pass periodic filters until theindividual channels are demultiplexed. In either case, noise andinter-channel interference are limiting factors in the handling ofincreasingly narrow band pass requirements. Multi-layer thin-filmfilters can be used to construct optical filters in bulk optics, butthey are undesirable because of an increase in the number of layers fornarrow channel spacing, precision of manufacture and expense associatedwith increasingly narrow band pass requirements. Further, dispersionwill become a major issue as channel spacing decreases. Especially at 50GHz channel spacing, dispersion of thin film filters is so big that itcan not be used for an OC-192 signal (10 Gbit/sec). Mach-Zehnderinterferometers have been widely employed, but they have a sinusoidalresponse giving rise to strongly wavelength dependent transmission and anarrow rejection band. Other designs have encountered a variety ofpractical problems.

Accordingly, there is a need for new optical filters and components foroptical multiplexing and/or demultiplexing and other opticalapplications

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, an optical interleaver, filter cell, and component design isprovided for use in a wide range of telecommunications, network, andother applications, generally including opticalmultiplexers/demultiplexers and optical routers. In one exampleembodiment, an optical interleaver splits and combines optical signalsof frequency division multiplexed optical communication channels whichare evenly spaced apart in frequency from one another. The opticalinterleaver includes an optical processing loop which allows multi-stageperformance characteristics to be achieved with a single physicalfiltration stage. Optical processing on the first leg and second legs ofthe loop improves the integrity of the optical signals by effectingcomplementary chromatic dispersion on the first and second processinglegs. The single physical filtration stage includes a fundamental filtercell and may include one or more harmonic filters. Waveplates may beused to rotate polarization in order to adjust splitting ratios and inorder to align interleaver components for more convenient packaging.

In another example embodiment, the optical interleaver for processingoptical signals includes a fundamental filter cell, a retro reflectorand an optical polarization beam displacer. The fundamental filter cellfilters optical signals propagating on each of two legs of an opticalloop which intersects the fundamental filter cell. The fundamentalfilter cell operates as a full waveplate to one set of one or moreoptical signals and a half waveplate to another set of one or moreoptical signals on a selected one of the two legs and as a halfwaveplate to the one set of one or more optical signals and a fullwaveplate to the other set of one or more optical signals on a remainingone of the two legs. The retro reflector optically couples with thefundamental filter cell to reflect the optical signals from one of thetwo legs to the other of the two legs to form the optical loop. Theoptical polarization beam displacer optically couples between thefundamental filter cell and the retro reflector to split or combine theoptical signals depending on the polarization and propagation directionof the optical signals along the optical loop. In some embodiments, asingle polarization beam splitter, as opposed to a birefringent crystal,may be used as the optical polarization beam displacer. Based on theparticular implementation, the sets of one or more optical signals maycorrespond to an odd set of channels and an even set of channels, or maycorrespond to one or more arbitrary optical signals that are interleavedor are to be interleaved with one or more other optical signals, and soforth.

In an alternate embodiment of the invention, an optical interleaver forprocessing optical signals between a first port communicating one set ofone or more optical signals together with another set of one or moreoptical signals and second and third ports separately communicating thesets of optical signals is disclosed. The optical interleaver includes:a fundamental filter cell, a retro reflector, and an opticalpolarization beam displacer. The fundamental filter cell opticallycouples on one side to all of the ports.

The fundamental filter cell exhibits a first and a second free spectralrange (FSR) to optical signals propagating on an optical loop with afirst leg coupled to the first port and a second leg coupled to thesecond and third ports. The first and second FSRs are offset withrespect to one another to effect substantially complementary chromaticdispersions for each optical signal. The retro reflector opticallycouples with the fundamental filter cell to reflect the optical signalsfrom one of the legs to the other of the legs to form the optical loop.The optical polarization beam displacer optically couples between thefundamental filter cell and the retro reflector to split or combine theoptical signals depending on the polarization and propagation directionof the optical signals along the optical loop.

In some embodiments, a polarization beam splitting cell that may be usedwithin a filter cell and/or other optical components are tilted withrespect to the propagation direction of the optical signals so as toreduce chromatic dispersion ripple that would otherwise be introduced ifthe polarization beam splitting cell or other optical components werenormal to the propagation direction. In a more generalized embodiment,one or more optical components, having two potentially parallel surfacesand placed between two collimators, are tilted at an angle from normalwith respect to the optical signal to reduce chromatic dispersion. Thetilt angle depends on the particular application of an opticalprocessing device, but for an example polarization beam splitting cellembodiment, falls between approximately 0 and 5 degrees. In otherembodiments, the tilt angle may be significantly larger. Zero-orderwaveplates may be used to rotate polarization in order to adjustsplitting ratios and in order to align interleaver components for moreconvenient packaging.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth inthe description which follows, and in part will be obvious or apparentfrom the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, ormay be learned by practicing of the invention. The features andadvantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of theinstruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appendedclaims. These and other features of the present invention will becomemore fully apparent from the following description and appended claims,or may be learned by practicing of the invention as set forthhereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and otheradvantages and features of the invention can be obtained, a moreparticular description of the invention briefly described above will berendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which areillustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawingsdepict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not thereforeto be considered as limiting its scope, the invention will be describedand explained with additional specificity and detail through the use ofthe accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a hardware block diagram of an embodiment of an opticalinterleaver with an optical processing loop formed by a single physicalstage coupled to an optical polarization beam displacer and retroreflector.

FIGS. 2A-B are isometric views of alternate embodiments of the opticalinterleaver shown in FIG. 1 with birefringent crystals forming thesingle physical filter stage.

FIGS. 3A-B are isometric views of alternate embodiments of the opticalinterleaver shown in FIG. 2 with optical filter cells forming the singlephysical filter stage. FIGS. 4A and FIG. 4C are top and side hardwareblock views of the embodiment of the optical interleaver shown in FIG.3A.

FIG. 4B is a polarization diagram showing polarization vectors along thetwo legs of the optical processing loop formed within the embodiment ofthe optical interleaver shown in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 5A is an isometric view of a polarization beam splitting cellutilized in the embodiment of the optical interleaver shown in FIGS.3A-B with polarization dependent beam splitters linked by a pair ofdelay paths.

FIG. 5B shows the fast and slow delay paths within the cell shown inFIG. 5A.

FIG. 5C is an isometric view of a linearly polarized optical signal inrelation to the polarization axis of the polarization beam splittingcell shown in FIG. 5A.

FIGS. 5D-E show polarization diagrams for opposing sides of thepolarization beam splitting cell shown in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 5F is a block diagram of a Fabry-Perot Cavity model forcharacterizing one source of chromatic dispersion within opticalcomponents.

FIG. 5G is a generalized block diagram of an optical signal passingbetween two collimators through one or more optical components.

FIG. 5H shows the generalized block diagram of FIG. 5G with one of theoptical components titled at an angle from normal with respect to theoptical signal and two collimators.

FIG. 5I shows an example path for an optical signal titled at an anglefrom normal, and a reflection of the optical signal, when passingthrough an optical component, also titled at an angle from normal, priorto reaching a collimator.

FIG. 5J shows an example path for an optical signal, and variousreflections of the optical signal, from the perspective of a collimatorwhen the optical signal passes through an optical component titled at anangle from normal prior to reaching the collimator.

FIG. 5K shows an isometric view of an example polarization beamsplitting cell with tilted polarization beam splitters.

FIG. 5L is a graph illustrating the tilting angle dependence ofchromatic dispersion ripple for the example polarization beam splittingcell of FIG. 5K.

FIG. 5M shows a birefringent crystal used as an optical polarizationbeam displacer.

FIG. 5N shows a polarization beam splitter used as an opticalpolarization beam displacer.

FIG. 6A is an isometric view of a multi-cell implementation of thepolarization beam splitting cell shown in FIG. 5A utilized in theembodiment of the optical interleaver shown in FIG. 3A.

FIGS. 6B-C show polarization diagrams for opposing ends of thepolarization beam splitting cells shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6D is a side elevation view of the delay paths of the multi-cellimplementation shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6E is a side elevation view of the variable coupling between cellsof the multi-cell implementation shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6F shows the individual transforms associated with each of the fourdelay paths on one of the two optical processing legs through the twocell sequence shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 7A-B are graphs showing the complementary dispersions profilesabout a representative center frequency of one of the channels.

FIG. 8A-E are signal diagrams showing filter functions at variouslocations along the optical path of the interleaver shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Various optical interleavers, filter cells, and optical components aredisclosed that can be used in a range of telecommunications an otherapplications including optical multiplexers/demultiplexers and opticalrouters. An example optical interleaver embodiment includes an opticalprocessing loop which allows multi-stage performance characteristics tobe achieved with a single physical filtration stage. Optical processingon the first leg and second leg of the loop improves the integrity ofthe optical signals by effecting complementary chromatic dispersion onthe first and second legs.

FIG. 1 is a hardware block diagram of an embodiment of an opticalinterleaver 100 with an optical processing loop 130, 162, 132 formed bya single stage 104 optically coupled to a splitter/combiner 150 andretro reflector 160. As used in this application, optically coupledshould be interpreted broadly to encompass optical signal passingbetween two optical components directly, without any intervening opticalcomponents, as well as optical signals passing between two opticalcomponents using or through one or more intervening optical components.The interleaver is designed to operate on the narrowly spaced frequencydivision multiplexed channels of a telecommunications grid. Thesechannels may be spaced apart in frequency at 50 GHz intervals or less.The interleaver can, depending on the propagation direction of anoptical signal, split or combine an optical stream with 50 GHz channelspacing into two separate optical streams with odd and even 100 GHzchannel spacing respectively and vice versa. The interleaverseparates/combines optical signals, such as odd and even channel sets,with a higher degree of isolation and a lower dispersion than prior artdesigns. It may be used alone or in combination with other stages ofsimilar or different design to separate out and/or route opticalsignals, such as each individual channel of a telecommunications orother communication grid. Although embodiments of the invention aredescribed below in connection with odd and even channels sets forclarity, it should be appreciated that in general, embodiments of theinvention may process arbitrary sets of one or more optical signalswithin a stream of (or interleaved with) one or more other opticalsignals.

In operation, as an optical demultiplexer for example, optical signalswith both odd channels and even channels are injected into port 102 andare subject in stage 104 to a first stage of optical processing in leg130 of the optical processing loop. The processed optical signals fromleg 130 are split in splitter 150 into discrete optical signals with acorresponding one of an odd set of channels and an even set of channelsand reflected by retro reflector 160 back to stage 104 for a secondstage of optical processing in leg 132 of the optical processing loop.The resultant optical signals, one with odd channels and the other withthe even channels, are output at the corresponding one of port 188, 198.Where the operations are reversed the optical interleaver 100 operatesas an optical multiplexer combining discrete optical signals, one withodd channels and the other with even channels, input at ports 188, 198into a single optical signal with both odd and even channels output atport 102.

Stage 104 includes a fundamental filter cell 120 and may includeadditional harmonic filters 140, 144. The filters are, in one embodimentof the invention, polarization filters which accept polarized opticalsignals and which split the input into orthogonal component vectorsalong a fast and a slow delay path. The optical pathlength differencebetween the fast and slow delay paths determines the periodic combfilter functions exhibited the fundamental filter cell. The filters maybe fabricated from a range of birefringent materials (see FIGS. 2A-B) orfrom the elements of a polarization beam splitting cell (see FIGS.3A-B). The filters of stage 104 may be characterized with a Fourierseries in which the fundamental filter cell provides fundamental combfilter functions and in which any additional harmonic filters imposehigher order harmonics thereon.

The fundamental filter cell is designed with a first free spectral range(FSR) for optical signals propagating on the first leg 130 and a secondFSR for optical signals propagating on the second leg 132 of the opticalprocessing loop. The first and the second FSR are both substantiallyequal to the channel spacing between adjacent odd or even channels. Thefirst and second FSR are also offset with respect to one another by anamount which effects phase shifts of odd integer multiples ofsubstantially half a wavelength for each center wavelength associatedwith any of the channels, odd or even. This asymmetry improves theintegrity of the optical signals by effecting complementary chromaticdispersion on the first and second legs.

The offset in FSR between the first and second legs of opticalprocessing in the fundamental filter cell 120 is effected in theembodiment shown in FIG. 1 by a fundamental filter 122 optically coupledon one of the optical processing legs 126 128 with a zero-order halfwaveplate 124. In this embodiment of the invention the fundamentalfilter operates as a narrowband waveplate with an FSR on each of thelegs which substantially corresponds with the spacing between adjacentodd or even channels. In this embodiment the fundamental filter operatesas a narrowband full/half waveplate or half/full waveplate for the oddset of channels and the even set of channels. The zero-order halfwaveplate may be a discrete component or integrated with the fundamentalfilter. As a discrete component the zero-order half waveplate may beoptically coupled with the fundamental filter on either side thereof.The zero-order half waveplate optically couples to the fundamentalfilter on one of the two legs of the optical loop. The zero-order halfwaveplate exhibits a second FSR which effects phase retardations of oddinteger multiples of substantially half a wavelength for each centerwavelength associated with the channels, odd or even.

The first and the second FSR of the fundamental filter cell eachsubstantially corresponds with the periodic frequency spacing betweenadjacent odd or even channels, e. g. an odd channel and an adjacent oddchannel. The optical path length difference between the two delay pathsin the fundamental filter cell on either the first or the second leg,corresponds inversely with the free spectral range (FSR). Thisrelationship is set forth in the following Equation 1a:${{Equation}\quad 1a\text{:}\quad{FSR}} = ( \frac{c}{{L_{S} - L_{F}}} )$where L_(S) and L_(F) are the total optical path length of each of thedelay paths on either of the optical processing legs within thefundamental filter cell and c is the speed of light in a vacuum.Additional filters, e. g. 140, 144 may provide the harmonics requiredfor establishing a flat top composite comb filter function for theinterleaver such as that shown in FIG. 8E. The interleaver showsimprovements in chromatic dispersion over prior art designs as a resultof an optical pathlength shift and inversely corresponding FSR offset onthe first and second optical processing leg within the fundamentalfilter cell 120.

In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1, the fundamentalfilter cell includes the zero-order half waveplate filter portion 124 onone of the optical processing legs 130, 132. This zero-order halfwaveplate filter imposes a half wavelength phase retardation on both theodd and even channels. This zero-order half waveplate portion effects anoptical pathlength difference in one of the optical processing legs withrespect to the other within the fundamental filter cell. The opticalpathlength difference corresponds with odd integer multiples of one-halfof the wavelength of interest as shown in the following Equation 2:${{{Equation}\quad 2\text{:}\quad{OPD}_{L1}} + {( {{2N} + 1} )( \frac{\lambda}{2} )}} = {OPD}_{L2}$where OPD_(L1) is the optical pathlength difference of the fundamentalcell along one of the optical processing legs 130, 132 and OPD_(L2) isthe optical pathlength difference of the fundamental cell along theother of the optical processing legs 130, 132. This shift in opticalpathlength difference and inversely corresponding offset in FSR on thetwo optical processing legs 103, 132 results in substantiallycomplementary chromatic dispersion profiles along each of the opticalprocessing legs, the net effect of which is a substantial reduction ofchromatic dispersion and a concomitant improvement in signal integritywithin each telecommunications channel as shown in FIGS. 7A-B. Thisshift is achieved with a negligible deviation, e. g. less than 0.3%,between the first and second FSR of the fundamental cell 110.

The FSR of the zero-order half waveplate is expressed in the followingEquation 1b:${{Equation}\quad 1b\text{:}\quad{FSR}} = {( \frac{c}{{L_{S} - L_{F}}} ) = \frac{v_{c}}{{1/2} + m}}$where L_(S) and L_(F) are the total optical path length on the fast andslow delay paths of the zero-order half waveplate, v_(c) is the centerfrequency of a selected one of the odd or even channels and m is theinteger order of the wavelength. The range of acceptable values for theorder m depends on the number of channels, the overall bandwidth, andthe center frequency of the center channel. Smaller values of order mcorrespond with more uniform the behavior of the zero-order halfwaveplate across all channels and smaller optical pathlengths. For atypical telecommunication application order m will be less thanone-hundred and may be in the range of 1-10. For a channel spacing of 50GHz the FSR of the zero-order half waveplate at a center frequency of1550 nm and an order of “0” would be 2*c[nm]/1550[nm] or approximately386 THz which is at least two orders of magnitude greater then the FSRof the fundamental filter 122.

FIGS. 2A-B are isometric views of alternate embodiments of the opticalinterleaver shown in FIG. 1 with birefringent crystals forming thefundamental and harmonic filters of the single filter stage. Theinterleaver 200 has 3 ports 102, 188, 198 which couple with thefundamental filter cell 220 via corresponding port couplers 210, 282,292 respectively. The port coupler 210 for port 102 includes: acollimator 212 with a lens, a beam splitter 214, and waveplates 216. Inoperation as an optical demultiplexer, an optical signal with odd andeven channels modulated thereon enters collimator 212 via port 102 whichmay be an optical fiber. The lens for collimator 212 may be a GradedIndex of Refraction (GRIN) or other lens system. The lensfocuses/collimates light depending on the propagation direction to/fromthe beam splitter 214. The beam splitter may be fabricated from abirefringent crystal with an optic axis oriented to effect a walk-off ofthe optical signal onto waveplates 216. The waveplates are zero-orderwaveplates and have optical axis oriented to effect a linearization ofthe polarization vectors of the two rays formed by the beam splitter.

The linearly polarized rays are then introduced into the fundamentalfilter cell which includes a fundamental filter 222 and a zero-orderhalf waveplate 124. The fundamental filter operates as a narrowband fulland half or half and full waveplate for the odd and even channelsrespectively. The angle of the polarization vector for the linearlypolarized rays with respect to the optical axis 226 of the fundamentalfilter cell determines the coupling of the optical signal onto the fastand slow paths, e. g. the “e” and “o” rays in the fundamental filter.The harmonic filter cell 240 optically couples with the fundamentalfilter cell and imposes a higher order harmonic on the optical signalsprocessed in the fundamental filter. The angle of the polarizationvector for the linearly polarized rays from the fundamental cell withrespect to the optical axis 242 of the harmonic filter cell determinesthe coupling of the optical signal onto the fast and slow paths, e. g.the extraordinary “e” and ordinary “o” rays in the harmonic filter cell.

The optical polarization beam splitter/combiner/displacer 250 splits theodd and even signal outputs on the first optical processing leg from thefundamental filter cell and the harmonic filter cell. The retroreflector 160 then couples these split optical signals back into thefirst stage, i.e. the harmonic filter cell 240 and the fundamentalfilter cell where they will be further isolated. The zero-order halfwaveplate 124 is optically coupled to the fundamental filter 222 on oneof the optical processing legs to effect a substantial reduction ofchromatic dispersion of the demultiplexed odd and even channels. Thefundamental filter beam benders 272, 280, 290 direct optical signalswith odd channels and optical signals with even channels to acorresponding one of the two output ports 188, 198 of the demultiplexervia an associated one of the port couplers 282, 292. In operation as amultiplexer the propagation path between the ports 198, 188 and port 102is reversed.

In the above embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2A, the optical axis 226 ofthe fundamental cell and optical axis 242 of the harmonic cell areoriented perpendicular to each respective cell top surface. To form anangle between the polarization direction of the incident light and theoptical axis to effect polarization beam splitting, the fundamental cellor the harmonic cell may be physically rotated with respect to thesignal propagation direction as indicated in FIG. 2A, especially in thecase which the polarization direction of incident light is vertically orhorizontally polarized. In some cases, for ease of packaging andmanufacturing, it is desirable to have the fundamental cell and theharmonic cell sit flat on a packaging platform. In such a case, thebirefringent crystals in the fundamental cell or the harmonic cells canbe cut in such a way that their respective optical axes 226 and 242 areoriented in predetermined angles with respect to the direction of theirrespective top surfaces, resulting in effective polarization beamsplitting. Thus, physical rotations of the fundamental or harmonic cellsare not required. Alternatively, if the optical axes of 226 and 242remain orientated perpendicular to their respective cell top surfaces,zero-order waveplates can be inserted in front of the fundamental celland the harmonic cell, leading to effective polarization beam splittingas explained below in connection with FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2B shows an alternate embodiment of the optical interleaver shownin FIG. 2A. In FIG. 2B the optical interleaver 202 includes zero-orderwaveplates 270, 232 which allow alignment of external features of thefundamental filter 222, the zero-order half waveplate 124 and theharmonic filter cell 240. Zero-order waveplate 270 allows externalfeatures, e. g. surfaces of the fundamental filter 222 and thezero-order half waveplate 124 to be aligned with the port couplers 210,282, 292 via rotation of the optical signals entering and exiting thefundamental filter without effecting of the coupling ratio at whichoptical signals couple onto the fast and slow paths within thefundamental filter. Zero-order waveplate 232 allows external featurese.g. surfaces of the harmonic filter 240 to be aligned with thefundamental filter 222 and the zero-order half waveplate 124 withouteffecting of the coupling ratio at which optical signals couple to/fromthe fast and slow paths of the fundamental filter and the harmonicfilter.

FIGS. 3A-B are isometric views of alternate embodiments 300 and 302 ofthe optical interleaver shown in FIGS. 2A-B with polarization beamsplitting cells 322 and 340 and zero-order half waveplate 124 formingthe single filter stage. These cells will be discussed in greater detailin the following FIGS. 4-6. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3B externalfeatures of the polarization beam splitting cells 322, 340 and thezero-order half waveplate 124 may be aligned with the introduction ofthe zero-order waveplates 232, 270 discussed above in connection withFIG. 2B.

FIGS. 4A and FIG. 4C are top and side hardware block views of theembodiment of the optical interleaver shown in FIG. 3A. The polarizationbeam splitting cells shown in FIGS. 5-6 form the fundamental andharmonic filters of the single filter stage. The interleaver has 3 ports102, 188, 198 which couple with the fundamental filter cell 322 viacorresponding port couplers. The port coupler for port 102 includes:collimator 212 with a lens, beam splitter/combiner 214, and waveplates216. The port coupler for port 188 includes: collimator 482 with a lens,beam splitter/combiner 484, and waveplates 486. The port coupler forport 198 includes: collimator 492 with a lens, beam splitter/combiner494 and waveplates 496. In operation as an optical demultiplexer anoptical signal with odd and even channels modulated thereon enterscollimator 212 via port 102 which may be an optical fiber. The lens forcollimator 212 may be a Graded Index of Refraction (GRIN) or other lenssystem. The lens focuses/collimates light depending on the propagationdirection to/from the beam splitter/combiner 214. The beamsplitter/combiner may be fabricated from a birefringent crystal with anoptic axis oriented to effect a walk-off of the optical signal ontowaveplates 216. The waveplates are zero-order waveplates and have theiroptical axis oriented to effect a linearization of the polarizationvectors of the two rays formed by the beam splitter/combiner.

The linearly polarized rays are then introduced into the fundamentalfilter cell which includes a polarization beam splitting cell 322 whichoperates as the fundamental filter and a zero-order half waveplate 124.In the embodiment shown, the fundamental filter operates as a narrowbandfull/half waveplate or half;/fill waveplate for the odd set of channelsand the even set of channels. The angle of the polarization vector forthe linearly polarized rays with respect to the polarization axis (seeFIG. 5) of the fundamental filter cell determines the coupling of theoptical signal onto the fast and slow paths in the fundamental filtercell. The harmonic filter cell 340 optically couples with thefundamental filter cell and imposes a higher order harmonic on theoptical signals processed in the fundamental filter. The angle of thepolarization vector for the linearly polarized rays from the fundamentalcell with respect to the polarization axis of the harmonic filter celldetermines the coupling of the optical signal onto the fast and slowpaths in the harmonic filter cell. The optical polarization beamdisplacer, polarization beam displacer 251, splits the odd and evensignal outputs on the first optical processing leg 420 from thefundamental filter cell and the harmonic filter cell. Polarization beamdisplacer 251 is described in greater below with respect to FIGS. 5M and5N.

The retro reflector 160 then couples these split optical signals ontothe second optical processing leg 422 back into the first stage, i.e.the harmonic filter cell 240 and the fundamental filter cell where theywill be further isolated. The beam splitter/combiner 250 may intersecteither or both of the optical processing legs 420, 422. The zero-orderhalf waveplate 124 is optically coupled to the fundamental filter 322 onone of the optical processing legs, e. g. the optical processing leg422, to effect a substantial reduction of chromatic dispersion of thedemultiplexed odd and even channels. In an alternate embodiment of theinvention the zero-order half waveplate may be integrated with thefundamental filter, on either of the optical processing legs 420, 422.The fundamental filter beam benders 272 directs both odd and evenchannel optical signal outputs to corresponding ones of beam benders 280and 290 for redirection via the corresponding port coupler components482-486 and 492-496 to the corresponding port 188 and 198 respectively.In operation as a multiplexer the propagation path between the ports198, 188 and port 102 is reversed. FIGS. 4A and 4C also show in dashedlines the zero-order waveplates 232 and 270 which allow the alignment ofexternal features of the port couplers, fundamental filter cell andharmonic filter as shown in FIG. 3B.

FIG. 4B is a polarization diagram showing polarization vectors along thefirst and second leg 420, 422 respectively of the optical processingloop formed within the embodiment of the optical interleaver shown inFIG. 3A. The polarization diagrams are shown in views at variouslocations along the z-axis looking in the negative z direction.Polarization diagram 400 corresponds with the polarization states withinthe lenses of collimators 212, 482, and 492 for the polarization vectorsfor the optical signals entering/exiting ports 102, 188, and 198respectively. Polarization diagram 402 corresponds with the polarizationstates within the beam splitter/combiners 214, 484 and 494 for thepolarization vectors for the optical signals entering/exiting ports 102188, and 198 respectively. Polarization diagram 404 corresponds with thepolarization states within the waveplates 216, 486, and 496.Polarization diagram 406 corresponds with the polarization states withinthe fundamental filter 320 on the first and second optical processinglegs 420, 422. Polarization diagram 408 corresponds with thepolarization states within the fundamental filter 340 on the first andsecond optical processing legs 420, 422. Polarization diagram 410corresponds with the polarization states within the splitter/combiner250 on the first and second optical processing legs 420, 422.

FIG. 5A is an isometric view of a polarization beam splitting cellutilized in the embodiment of the optical interleaver shown in FIGS.3A-B. The optical filter cell employs couplers with polarizationdependent beam splitting to couple light onto a pair of delay paths.This polarization beam splitting cell is utilized in the embodiments ofthe invention shown in FIGS. 3A-B and 4A-B to form the fundamentalfilter 322 and the harmonic filters 340. The optical filter cellincludes couplers employing polarization dependent beam splittingbetween a pair of delay paths. Each coupler transmits and reflects lightdepending on the input properties of the light. In the embodiment of theinvention shown in FIG. 5A, each coupler is polarization sensitive andincludes “P” and “S” polarization axes orthogonal to one another. Afirst coupler is positioned in the propagation path of incomingpolarized light and transmits and reflects components of incomingpolarized light aligned with the “P” and “S” polarization axis of thecoupler respectively. Light transmitted and reflected by the couplerfollows two distinct delay paths, one for transmitted light and theother for reflected light. Where incoming light is orthogonallypolarized, the first coupler provides configurable amounts of couplingand cross-coupling of each of the orthogonal polarization vectors of theincoming light with either of the pair of delay paths. A second couplerpositioned at a location where the two distinct delay paths intersectreverses the process and re-aligns light with orthogonal polarizationvectors onto a common propagation axis.

The polarization beam splitting cell 322 is shown within an “x, y, z” orCartesian coordinate system. The cell includes opposing opticalpolarization beam splitters 510, 530 displaced from one another alongthe z-axis with the optical element(s) 520A-B covering the span betweenthe splitters. Polarization beam splitter 510 is shown with a reflector512 and a polarization dependent beam splitter 514 displaced from eachother in a direction defined by the y-axis. Polarization beam splitter530 is shown with a reflector 532 and a polarization dependent beamsplitter 534 displaced from each other in a direction also defined bythe y-axis. The polarization dependent beam splitters have “S”polarization axes which are aligned, in the orientation of the cell thatis shown, parallel with the x-axis. The “P” polarization axis of eachpolarization dependent beam splitter is orthogonal to the “S” axis, i.e.aligned parallel with the y-axis. It should be noted that reflectors512, 532 and polarization dependent beam splitters 514, 534 need not beat 45 degree angles with respect to incident optical signals, and inmany implementations are at other angles, usually larger than 45degrees. In some example embodiments, reflectors 512, 532 andpolarization dependent beam splitters 514, 534 are at an angle ofapproximately 55 degrees with respect to the incident optical signals,but a wide range of angles are possible depending on the particularimplementation.

Each polarization beam splitter 510, 530 may be fabricated from twopairs of prisms (not shown). In this case, polarization beam splitter510 and the polarization dependent beam splitter 514 may be formed froma first pair of prisms at right or other complementary angles to oneanother. These may be affixed to one another, e.g. cemented, to minimizewave front distortion. The hypotenuse of one of the prisms is coatedwith a multi-layer dielectric polarizing beam splitter coating. Theprisms are then affixed to one another, to form a first rectangle, theexterior surfaces of which may be antireflection (AR) coated to minimizesurface reflection losses. A second pair of prisms may be used to formthe reflector 512. The hypotenuse of one of this second pair of prismsis coated with a reflective dielectric coating, and cemented to thehypotenuse of the other of the second pair of prisms to form a secondrectangle, the exterior surfaces of which may also be AR coated. The tworectangles formed by the two pairs of prisms may then be affixed to oneanother to form the polarization beam splitter 510. A similar techniquemay be used to fabricate the second polarization beam splitter 530.

Alternatively, polarization beam splitter 510, 530 may be fabricatedfrom two prisms 511, 515 or 531, 535 and a parallel plate 513, 533 atright or other complementary angles to one another. The surface of theparallel plate that forms polarization dependent beam splitter 514 maybe coated with a multi-layer dielectric polarizing beam splittercoating. The surface of the parallel plate that forms reflector 512 alsomay be coated with a multi-layer dielectric polarizing beam splittercoating or simply may be coated with a reflective dielectric coating. Inother embodiments, the surfaces of the prisms that affix to the parallelplate may be coated with the appropriate coating. It should beappreciated that the prism attached to reflector 512 may be omitted ifthe parallel plate, as opposed to prism, is coated with the multi-layerdielectric polarizing beam splitter or reflective coating. The parallelplate and prisms may be affixed to one another with an optical bond(i.e., optical contact, epoxy free), and the exterior surfaces ofpolarization beam splitter 510 AR coated to minimize surface reflectionlosses. A similar technique may be used to fabricate the secondpolarization beam splitter 530.

Other variations on the cell are discussed in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/944 037 filed on Aug. 31 2001 and entitled: “METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR AN OPTICAL FILTER” as well as U.S. patent application Ser.No. 09/879 026 filed on Jun. 11, 2001 and entitled: “METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR AN OPTICAL FILTER.”

In FIG. 5A the optical signals associated with the first and second legsof the optical loop are shown. Beams 542, 544 are shown propagatingthrough the filter cell along the first leg of the optical loop andexiting the filter cell as beams 546, 548 respectively. Theirpolarization states on entry and exit from the fundamental cell areshown in FIGS. 5D-5E respectively. Beams 550, 552, 554, 556 are shownpropagating through the filter cell in the opposite direction along thesecond leg of the optical loop and exiting the filter cell as beams 558,560 562 564 respectively. Their polarization states on entry and exitfrom the fundamental cell are shown in FIGS. 5D-5E respectively. Thecell filters light bi-directionally. For purposes of illustrationpolarized light is shown entering the cell in a negative direction alongthe z-axis on the first leg of the optical processing loop and in apositive direction along the z-axis on the second leg of the opticalprocessing loop. Propagation in the opposite direction is alsosupported. The cell is also highly directional so that light propagatingin one direction is independent of the light propagating in the reversedirection.

FIG. 5B shows the fast and slow delay paths θ_(P1) and θ_(S1) within thepolarization beam splitting cell shown in FIG. 5A. Beam 542 is split bybeam splitter 514 into a pair of slow/fast delay paths 548, 550.Reflectors 512, 532 reflect the optical signals on delay path 548 backto the splitter 534 where they are recombined with the optical signalson delay path 550. Similar optical processing is applied to beam 544.The amount of delay on the P and S delay paths are θ_(P1) and θ_(S1)respectively. The delay of each path is determined by its correspondingoptical path length. The optical path length of each path is the sum ofthe product of physical dimension and the index of refraction of all theoptical elements on each of the two distinct S and P delay paths 548,550 respectively. Optical element(s) 520A-B cover the span between thesplitters on the P delay paths. These optical elements have a differentoptical pathlength than the optical elements, solid, liquid, gas,plasma, which make up the S path. The delay difference for the cell isproportional to the difference in the optical path lengths between the Pand S delay paths. The delay difference exhibits itself in the opticalproperties of the output beam 546. That output beam exhibits theinterference pattern produced by the re-coupling of the P and S delaypaths by the second of the polarization beam splitters 534 into a singleoutput beam.

The output beam includes orthogonal polarization vectors shown with asquare and a circle. Each contains complementary periodic stop bands andpass bands of the other with center wavelengths the spacing betweenwhich is inversely related to the delay difference between the P and Sdelay paths. In other words the larger the delay difference the smallerthe wavelength spacing which the optical filter cell can resolve.

FIG. 5C is an isometric view of a linearly polarized optical signal inrelation to the polarization axis of the polarization beam splittingcell shown in FIG. 5A. Polarized light from beam 542 for example, willcouple with both the P and S axis of the coupler 514, a polarizationbeam splitter, in amounts which corresponded with the relative angularrotation between the polarization vector(s) of the polarized input andthe orthogonal P and S polarization axis of the beam splitter. Thecomponent of a polarized input which projects onto the S polarizationaxis of the beam splitter will be reflected by the beam splitter. Thecomponent of a polarized input which projects onto the P polarizationaxis of the beam splitter will be transmitted by the beam splitter.

The polarized light beam 542 may be arbitrarily, circularly or linearlypolarized. In the example shown, beam 542 is linearly polarized with apolarization vector 570 at an angle φ₁ with respect to the “S1”polarization axis 516 of the cell. As the beam 542 enters the cell it isaccepted onto either of two distinct S and P delay paths 548, 550respectively. These delay paths link the polarization dependent beamsplitters 514, 534. The amount of light that is coupled onto eitherdelay path is determined by the angle φ₁ of the incoming beam vectorwith respect to the S polarization axis of the cell.

In the example shown, light from polarization vector 570 in amountsproportionate to sin²(φ₁) and cos²(φ₁) will couple to the P and S delaypaths respectively. Rotation of the cell about the propagation path, e.g. the z-axis, of the beam 542 can be used to vary the couplingpercentages or ratios between the incoming light and the P and S delaypaths. Similar considerations apply for beams 550-556 on the second legof the optical processing loop. Where incoming light includes orthogonalpolarization vectors the coupling of either vector will be determined byprojecting that vector onto the P and S polarization axis of thepolarization beam splitter as well. The polarization beam splitters 514,534 thus serve as couplers which provide configurable amounts ofcoupling and cross-coupling of incoming beams with either of the pair ofdelay paths.

FIGS. 5D-E show polarization diagrams for opposing sides of thepolarization beam splitting cell shown in FIG. 5A. Polarization diagram502 shows an embodiment of the possible polarization states for beams542, 544 entering the filter on the first leg of the optical loop andfor beams 558, 562 exiting the filter from the second leg of the opticalloop. Polarization diagram 504 shows representative polarization statesfor beams 546, 548 exiting the filter on the first leg, and for beams552, 556 entering the filter on the second leg of the optical loop. Theoptical polarization beam splitter/displacer and retro reflector whichform the optical loop between the first and second legs are not shown(see FIGS. 3A-B). The vector with a square at the end contains passbands with center wavelengths at odd integer multiples of the periodicinterval established by the delay difference between the delay paths inthe filter. The vector with a circle at the end contains pass bands withcenter wavelengths at even integer multiples of the periodic intervalestablished by the delay difference between the delay paths in thefilter.

Beam 542 enters the first leg with multiplexed odd and even channels,and exits the filter with the odd and even channels demultiplexed ontocorresponding one of the two orthogonal output vectors which make upbeam 546. The optical polarization beam splitter/combiner/displacer 250,251 (see FIGS. 3A-B) splits these orthogonal component vectors intobeams 550, 554 which are reflected by retro reflector 160 (see FIGS.3A-B) and passed along the second leg of the optical processing legincluding the portion of the second leg which intersects filter cell322. On the second pass through the fundamental cell provided by thesecond leg any vestigial odd components in the even channels and evencomponents for the odd channels are removed.

Without an offset in the FSR of the portion of the first and second legsof the optical loop which intersect the fundamental filter cell,chromatic dispersion will be additive rather than complementary.Complementary chromatic dispersions on the first and second legs aredesirable because they improve signal integrity. The amount ofimprovement in signal integrity is determined by the extent to whichdispersions are at any frequency of equal and opposite sign (see FIGS. 7A-B). The offset in FSRs may be achieved by coupling the cell 322 with azero-order waveplate as shown in FIGS. 3A-B or within the polarizationbeam splitting cell 322 itself. In the former case the polarization beamsplitting cell and a zero-order half waveplate make up the fundamentalfilter cell. The polarization beam splitting cell is the fundamentalfilter portion of the fundamental filter cell and operates as anarrowband full/half or half/full waveplate for the odd and evenchannels respectively. The zero-order waveplate completes thefundamental filter cell by coupling with the fundamental filter on oneof the two legs of the optical loop and effecting phase retardations ofodd integer multiples of substantially half a wavelength for each centerwavelength of a corresponding channel in both the odd the odd set ofchannels and the even set of channels. In the latter case thefundamental filter and the zero-order half waveplate are integrated withone another in a single polarization beam splitting cell. In thisembodiment of the invention, the optical element(s) 520A-B which coverthe span between the polarization beam splitters exhibit optical pathlengths, the difference of which on the first and second legs results inthe phase retardations of odd integer multiples of substantially half awavelength for each center wavelength of a corresponding channel in boththe odd set of channels and the even set of channels.

Like many broadband optical components, the polarization beam splittingcell of FIG. 5A introduces some chromatic dispersion in the opticalsignals that pass through it. Chromatic dispersion relates to pulsebroadening within an optical signal, usually due to a wavelengthdependence on the velocity of light. Accordingly, the amount ofchromatic dispersion generally depends on the distance an optical signaltravels. However, given its relatively small size, within polarizationbeam splitting cell 322 the primary source of chromatic dispersion isfrom certain optical components behaving like a Fabry-Perot (F-P)cavity, as illustrated by F-P cavity 572 in FIG. 5F.

F-P cavity 572 is defined by two parallel reflective surfaces R,separated by a material of length L with an index of refraction n.Generally, the reflectivity of each reflective surface for an F-P cavityis such that approximately 95 percent of the incident light, I₀, isreflected and about 5 percent is transmitted, I₁, independent ofwavelength. For most wavelengths, the F-P cavity itself is also highlyreflective. However, for certain wavelengths, the F-P cavity becomeshighly transmissive (approaching 100 percent of the incident light). Forlight traveling perpendicular to the F-P cavity, this high transmissionoccurs when the separation between the reflective surfaces equals anintegral number of half-wavelengths, and the F-P cavity is thereforeresonant (i.e., the waves entering, leaving, and bouncing back and forthwithin the cavity are all in phase). Note in FIG. 5F that the reflectedoptical signals are shown offset from the transmitted signal simply tomake the reflections visible for purposes of illustration. In practice,for an optical signal normal to the mirror surfaces, the transmitted andreflected optical signals essentially occupy the same region, i.e., theyoverlap and interfere with each other.

The separation between neighboring transmitted frequencies, also knownas the FSR of the F-P cavity, is given by Equation 3a:${{Equation}\quad 3a\text{:}\quad{FSR}} = {{\Delta\sigma} = \frac{c}{2{nL}}}$where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, n is the index of refractionfor the material between the reflectors, and L is the separation betweenreflectors.

Reflection within the F-P cavity causes chromatic dispersion because theoptical signals interfere with each other. As shown in FIG. 5F, thetransmitted signal includes a transmitted portion of the incidentsignal, a transmitted portion of a reflection of the incident signal,and so on. Even though the intensity of each reflected signal tends tobe much less than the intensity of the transmitted signal, theinterference introduced by the reflected signals nevertheless leads tochromatic dispersion. The chromatic dispersion introduced by F-P cavity572 is given by Equation 3b:${{Equation}\quad 3b\text{:}\quad{CD}} = {\frac{\partial\tau}{\partial\lambda} = {\frac{2\pi}{c}( \frac{2{nL}}{\lambda} )^{2}\quad R\quad{\sin( {\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}2{nL}} )}}}$where τ is the beam halfwidth at the 1/e point. Note that the chromaticdispersion is proportional to the square of the cavity length.

Of course, unlike F-P cavity 572, polarization beam splitting cell 322is designed to transmit, rather then reflect, optical signals.Accordingly, adjoining surfaces within polarization beam splitting cell322 generally are coated with an antireflective (AR) coating. Inpractice, however, it is not possible and/or economical to achieve anantireflective coating that is 100 percent effective, particularly forall wavelengths of a broadband signal. Therefore, while steps may betaken to reduce reflection between adjoining polarization beam splittingcell surfaces, some amount of reflection occurs.

For example, with reference to FIG. 5A, polarization beam splitters 510,530, optical element(s) 520A-B, and the span between the splitters 510,530 each may behave to some degree like F-P cavity 572, and thereforeintroduce some amount of chromatic dispersion. The chromatic dispersionintroduced by polarization beam splitting cell 322 may be explained moregenerally in connection with FIG. 5G. FIG. 5G shows an optical signal573 that is transmitted between two collimators 574, 578. As the signaltravels between the collimators, it passes through one or more opticalcomponents 576 for some type of optical processing. Similar topolarization beam splitters 510, 530, optical element(s) 520A-B, and thespan between the splitters 510, 530 in the polarization beam splittingcell 322 of FIG. 5A, optical component(s) 576 may behave to some extentlike F-P cavities and thus introduce chromatic dispersion into opticalsignal 573.

As indicated above in Equation 3b, the chromatic dispersion introducedby an F-P cavity depends on the wavelength of the optical signal passingthrough the cavity. Accordingly, for a broadband signal, the amount ofchromatic dispersion introduced by polarization beam splitting cell 322varies by wavelength. The overall variation in chromatic dispersion—thedifference between the maximum chromatic dispersion and the minimumchromatic dispersion across the frequency band of the optical signal—isknown as chromatic dispersion ripple (CD ripple). Accounting forchromatic dispersion is a relatively complex task in and ofitself—variations in chromatic dispersion or CD ripple make the task ofaccounting or correcting for chromatic dispersion somewhat more complex.Furthermore, reductions in CD ripple generally correlate to reductionsin the underlying chromatic dispersion itself. Accordingly, CD ripple isone factor to consider in evaluating the quality of an optical signaland optical components, and reducing CD ripple is one way to improveoptical signal quality.

As shown in FIG. 5H, an angle, α, relative to optical signal 573 may beintroduced in one or more of the optical component(s) 576 betweencollimator 574 and collimator 578. The impact on optical signal 573 fromeffectively introducing an angle α is illustrated more specifically inFIGS. 5I-J. Upon exiting optical component 576, the transmitted portionof optical signal 573 reaches the center of collimator 578. Thetransmitted portion of the reflection of the incident signal 573,however, is offset from the center of collimator 578 and thereforecontributes less to (interferes to a lesser degree with) the collimatedoptical signal leaving collimator 578. Note that the effective angle αmay depend on a variety of factors including the angle of the incidentoptical signal (α₁), the angle of the face 575 (α₂), and the angle offace 577 (α₃), in relation to optical component 576 and other externaloptical components.

FIG. 5J shows that the impact of the angle α on each successive beampass (the transmitted portions of successive reflections) increases. Thefirst pass beam strikes the center of collimator 578, the second passbeam is somewhat off-center, the third pass beam partially missescollimator 578, and the fourth pass beam misses the collimator entirely.The amount of offset introduced in each pass depends on the effectiveangle α and the length of the optical component 576.

Recalling for a moment basic principles of optics, the angle ofincidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Note that in FIG. 5I, theangle of optical signal 573 changes at the boundaries of opticalcomponent 576 from refractive index changes. Note further that in FIGS.5H, 5I, and 5K, the angles have been exaggerated to make the presence ofan angle more apparent. Typical values for the effective angle α, suchas in connection with the polarization beam splitting cell 322Killustrated of FIG. 5K, are shown by the graph depicted in FIG. 5L. Thegraph also includes an axis showing simulated insertion loss ripple(IL)—the difference measured in dB between the maximum insertion lossand the minimum insertion loss across the frequency band of the opticalsignal—for polarization beam splitting cell 322K.

Because CD ripple is proportional to the square of the angle a,relatively small angles tend to produce little effect (i.e., do notsignificantly reduce CD ripple). On the other hand, relatively largeangles lead to manufacturing problems, particularly with respect toantireflective coatings, and can cause a significant reduction in clearaperture. Accordingly, in one embodiment the angle a falls in a rangefrom approximately 2.5 degrees to approximately 3.0 degrees. Of course,the most appropriate value for the angle a generally depends on theparticular application of an optical device, such as collimators 574,578, optical component(s) 576 or polarization beam splitting cell 322K,and the wavelength of the optical signal. Accordingly, an angle α aslarge as 5 degrees or more may be appropriate or desirable.

FIG. 5K shows polarization beam splitting cell 322K with polarizationbeam splitters 510K, 530K making an angle α with respect to opticalelements 520K and with one or more incident optical signals—such asthose shown in FIG. 5A-otherwise normal to polarization beam splittingcell 322K. The angle α can be introduced by polishing one or moresurfaces of polarization beam splitters 510K, 530K and/or by polishing abase to which polarization beam splitters 510K, 530K are mounted. In oneembodiment, the bottom of polarization beam splitter 510K is polished tothe angle α. In another embodiment, the alignment of other opticalcomponents external to polarization beam splitting cell 322K may beadjusted to effectively increasing the angle α in excess of any angleintroduced by polishing component surfaces. In yet another embodiment,one or both of the otherwise parallel faces 575, 577 and 585, 587 ofpolarization beam splitters 510K, 530K may be polished to introduce theangle α. Introducing the angle α may leave a slight gap betweenpolarization beam splitters 510K, 530K and optical elements 520K. Itshould be noted that typically a significant amount of effort isexpended to align most optical components of polarization beam splittingcell 322K with the received optical signals to assure that they areeither nearly parallel or normal to each other.

Because many of the components of an optical interleaver, such asinterleaver 302 shown in FIG. 3B have parallel surfaces that may behavein some degree or another like a F-P cavity, other optical componentsmay be tilted as described above in connection with polarization beamsplitting cell 322K in FIG. 5K. Polarization beam splitting cells 322and 340, in particular, may introduce less chromatic dispersion fromtilting, but so may waveplates 124, 216, 232, 270, splitter/combiner214, polarization beam displacer 251, and beam benders 272, 280, 290.Generally, waveplates are sufficiently thin so as to be a minor sourceof chromatic dispersion, and therefore in many embodiments may not betilted in an effort to reduce chromatic dispersion. Although perhaps notreadily apparent, the same is true for retro reflector 160. Retroreflector 160 acts as a folded cavity with a single flat surface that isessentially equivalent to two parallel surfaces because of the internalreflection within the retro reflector. Accordingly, in some embodiments,most if not all components within an optical interleaver may be tiltedat the angle α.

FIG. 5M shows a birefringent crystal 250 used as an optical polarizationbeam displacer (splitter/combiner), as described for example inconnection with FIGS. 2A-B above. In FIG. 5M, birefringent crystal 250could be used to: (i) split unpolarized beam 255 into two orthogonalpolarization beams 257, 259 or (ii) separate two sets of channels 257,259 (even/odd) from an optical signal 255 that includes both sets ofchannels. For beams traveling the opposite direction, birefringentcrystal 250 could be used to: (i) combine two orthogonal polarizationbeams 257, 259 into a single beam 255 or (ii) combine two separate setsof channels 257, 259 (even/odd) into an optical signal 255 that includesboth sets.

The relatively long length of birefringent crystal 250, however, neededto displace sufficiently (or to combine sufficiently displaced beams)presents a number of problems. For example, using a birefringent crystalas an optical polarization beam displacer both increases devicedimension and leads to increased chromatic dispersion ripple. (Asindicated above in connection with Equation 3b, chromatic dispersion isproportional to the square of the length of the crystal.)

Another problem encountered when using birefringent crystal 250 as anoptical polarization beam displacer relates to providing an appropriateAR coating for birefringent crystal 250. By definition, birefringentcrystal 250 has two different indexes of refraction. To minimizereflection, each index of refraction requires a different AR coating,which is difficult if not impossible to achieve. Accordingly, when usingbirefringent crystal 250 as an optical polarization beam displacer, theAR coating selected usually represents a comprise for the two competingindexes of refraction corresponding to the ordinary and extraordinaryaxes of birefringent crystal 250.

FIG. 5N shows a polarization beam splitter 251 used as an opticalpolarization beam displacer. When used in this way as an opticalpolarization beam displacer, a polarization beam splitter may bereferred to as optical polarization beam displacer. Similar to thedescription above of other polarization beam splitters, opticalpolarization beam splitter 251 includes a parallel plate 258, and one ormore prisms 256A-B. The polarization dependent beam splitter 254 isformed by coating the hypotenuse of prism 256A or the correspondingsurface of parallel plate 258 with a multi-layer dielectric polarizingbeam splitter coating. Reflector 252 is formed by coating the hypotenuseof prism 256B or the corresponding surface of parallel plate 258 with areflective dielectric coating. Alternatively, this coating also may bemultilayer dielectric polarizing beam splitter coating similar to thecoating for polarization dependent beam splitter 254. In someembodiments that use a reflective dielectric coating, prism 256B is notneed, and therefore eliminated.

Compared to birefringent crystal 250 of FIG. 5M, optical polarizationbeam splitter 251 reduces the size of the optical polarization beamdisplacer by nearly ten fold. As described above in connection with FIG.5A, the polarization beam displacer is bonded with an optical bond,which is important for high power testing. Like birefrigent crystal 250,optical polarization beam displacer 251, depending on the direction ofpropagation, can be used to: (i) split unpolarized beam 255 into twoorthogonal polarization beams 257, 259 or combine two orthogonalpolarization beams 257, 259 into a single beam 255, and (ii) separatetwo sets of one or more channels 257, 259 (e.g., even/odd) from anoptical signal 255 that includes both sets of one or more channels orcombine two separate sets of channels 257, 259 (e.g., even/odd) into anoptical signal 255 that includes both sets.

Although similar in geometry to other polarization beam splitters, thereflector 512 and polarization dependent beam splitter 514 of opticalpolarization beam displacer 251 are usually aligned as closely aspossible to 45 degrees with respect to incident optical signals (i.e.,optical polarization beam displacer 251 exhibits a 1:1 output aperture).By having a 1:1 output aperture, optical polarization beam displacer 251evenly splits single beam 255 into orthogonal polarization beams 257,259, and evenly combines orthogonal polarization beams 257, 259 intosingle beam 255. In contrast, the output aperture of polarization beamsplitters 510, 530 often are mismatched, but because of the twoprocessing legs, these mismatches are complementary and essentiallycancel each other out, with some corresponding amount of signal loss.

Unlike birefringent crystal 250 of FIG. 5M, optical polarization beamdisplacer 251 has a single index of refraction. In one exampleembodiment, the index of refraction for optical polarization beamdisplacer 251 is approximately 1.74, compared to 1.44 for polarizationbeam splitters 510, 530. As indicated above, a single index ofrefraction simplifies the selection of an efficient AR coating foroptical polarization beam displacer 251.

In alternate embodiments of the invention other types of filters may besubstituted for the birefringent or polarization beam splitting cellsdiscussed throughout without departing from the scope of the claimedinvention. For purposes of this invention a filter will be characterizedas a half waveplate when it provides pairs of delay paths the relativeoptical difference between which corresponds to half that of theincident wavelength or odd integer multiples thereof. A filter will becharacterized as a full waveplate when it provides pairs of delay pathsthe relative optical difference between which corresponds to that of theincident wavelength or even integer multiples thereof. A filter will becharacterized as narrowband when it filters odd and even channelsdifferently, i.e. as a full waveplate for the odd channels and a halfwaveplate for the even channels or vice versa. A filter will becharacterized as broadband when it filters odd and even channelssimilarly, i.e. as either a full waveplate for both the odd and evenchannels or as a half waveplate for both.

For simplicity, FIG. 6A is an isometric view of a multi-cellimplementation of the polarization beam splitting cell of FIG. 5Autilized in the embodiment of the optical interleaver shown in FIG. 3A.Of course as described above, other polarization beam splitting cells,such as those illustrated in FIGS. 5K could be used as well. One or moreoptical elements 520 are shown as a single element spanning the P pathbetween the two splitters 510, 530. This single element presents thesame optical pathlength on both the first and second leg of the opticalprocessing loop. Two cells 322 and 340 are shown coupled to one anotherin series. Sequentially coupling cells allows an optical filter toexhibit a more complex transfer function than the simple sinusoidaloutput provided by the single cell shown in FIG. 5A. In this example thedelay paths provided by harmonic cell 340 and their delay difference arelarger than the delay paths and delay difference provided by thefundamental cell 322. This result can be achieved either by fabricatingcell 340 from the same optical elements as cell 322 with an increase inthe physical length of the elements or by fabricating cell 340 fromoptical elements with higher indices of refraction than those of cell322 thus maintaining the same form factor for both cells.

The combination of first cell and subsequent cells can be looked at asestablishing by the difference between their delay paths the fundamentalsinusoidal harmonic for the sequence and higher order harmonics. In anembodiment of the invention this objective is achieved by designing oneof the cells in the sequence with a FSR corresponding with the desiredfundamental harmonic and with others of the cells designed with FSRswhich are integer fractions of the base FSR. The coefficients oramplitude of each harmonic are provided by varying the coupling ratiopercentage, coefficients between a polarized input to a cell and the “P”and “S” polarization axes of the cell as provided by the correspondingpolarization beam splitter. The coupling coefficients are varied bytilting of a cell about the propagation path of a polarized input toeach cell.

Cell 322 includes the components described above in connection with FIG.5A. Between cell 322 and 340 on the second optical processing leg thezero-order half waveplate 124 is shown. Cell 340 includes couplers 614,634 employing polarization dependent beam splitting linked by a pair ofdelay paths 650 and 646 648, 652. The cell 340 includes opposingpolarization beam splitters 610, 630 displaced from one another alongthe z-axis with one or more optical elements 620 (shown as a singleoptical element) covering the span between the splitters. Polarizationbeam splitter 610 is shown with a reflector 612 and a polarizationdependent beam splitter 614 displaced from each other in a directiondefined by the y-axis. Polarization beam splitter 630 is shown with areflector 632 and a polarization dependent beam splitter 634 displacedfrom each other also in a direction defined by the y-axis. Thepolarization dependent beam splitters have “S” polarization axes whichare aligned with one another. Between the couplers one or more opticalelements 620 is shown. The various components are shown on top of base606.

Only one of the beams on one of the legs of the optical processing loopis shown. That polarized beam 542 has, in the example shown, a linearlypolarized input vector (see FIG. 6B). This beam enters the cell 322where it reflected and transmitted by polarization beam splitter 514onto one end of the pair of delay paths θ_(S1) and θ_(P1). At theopposite end of the delay paths reflection and transmission by thepolarization beam splitter 534 produces a common output beam 546 whichexits the cell on the first leg and proceeds directly to the harmoniccell 340, without intersecting the zero-order half waveplate 124.

On entering the harmonic cell, beam 546 is reflected and transmitted bypolarization beam splitter 614 onto one end of the pair of delay pathsθ_(S2) and θ_(P2). At the opposite end of the delay paths, reflectionand transmission by the polarization beam splitter 634 produces a commonoutput beam 546N with orthogonal polarization vectors with odd and evenchannel components (see FIG. 6C). The process can be extended with moreharmonic filters to form a more complex optical filter transferfunction.

FIGS. 6B-C show polarization diagrams for opposing ends of thepolarization beam splitting cells 322 and 340 shown in FIG. 6A.Polarization diagram 602 shows an embodiment of the possiblepolarization states for beam 542 entering the filter on the first leg ofthe optical loop. Polarization diagram 604 shows representativepolarization states for beam 546N exiting the last filter cell 340 onthe first leg or the optical processing loop. The splitter and retroreflector which form the optical loop between the first and second legsare not shown (see FIGS. 3A-B). The vector with a square at the endcontains pass bands with center wavelengths at odd integer multiples ofthe periodic interval established by the delay difference between thedelay paths in the filter. The vector with a circle at the end containspass bands with center wavelengths at even integer multiples of theperiodic interval established by the delay difference between the delaypaths in the filter.

Beam 542 enters the first leg with multiplexed odd and even channels,and exits the filter with the odd and even channels demultiplexed ontocorresponding one of the two orthogonal output vectors which make upbeam 546N. The optical polarization beam splitter/combiner/displacer 250(see FIGS. 3A-B) splits these orthogonal component vectors into beamswhich are reflected by retro reflector 160 (not shown, but see FIGS.3A-3B) and passed along the second leg of the optical processing legback through cells 340 124, and 322 in a direction opposite to thepropagation direction in the first leg. On the second pass through thefundamental cell, any vestigial odd components in the even channels andeven components for the odd channels are removed.

FIG. 6D is a side elevation view of the delay paths of the multi-cellimplementation shown in FIG. 6A. The delay introduced into light passingalong any delay path is a function of the optical path length of theoptical elements which comprise the delay path. Optical path length “L”of an optical element is expressed as the product of the physicaldistance “d” traversed by a beam propagating through the elementmultiplied by the index of refraction “n” of the element. Where multipleoptical elements are involved, the individual contributions to theoptical path length from the individual elements are summed. Forpurposes of the current invention, optical elements include: a vacuum, agas, a liquid, a solid or a plasma along the propagation path. The indexof refraction of a medium identifies the ratio of the speed of light ina vacuum to that of light in the medium. Where the optical path lengthvaries as here between two delay paths, one path is said to befaster/slower than the other and there is said to be a delay differencebetween the two.

Beam 542 propagates through the first cell 322 across delay paths θ_(P1)and θ_(S1) and through the second cell 340 across delay paths θ_(P2) andθ_(S2). Delay path θ_(P1) comprises optical elements defined by opticalpath length L₁₅-L₁₇. Delay path θ_(S1) comprises optical elementsdefined by optical path lengths L₁₀-L₁₄. Delay path θ_(P2) comprisesoptical elements defined by optical path length L₂₅-L₂₇. Delay pathθ_(S2) comprises optical elements defined by optical path lengthsL₂₀-L₂₄. In the embodiment shown, the optical elements defined byoptical path lengths L₁₂ and L₂₂ include air/gas/vacuum. The remainingoptical elements may be fabricated from various types of optical glassincluding: BKx, fused silica, SFx. By proper design of delay paths, thefundamental and higher order harmonics for the optical filter may beestablished.

The delay for the delay paths θ_(P1) and θ_(S1) in the first filter 322are expressed as a function of the optical path lengths of each path inthe following Equations 4-5respectively. $\begin{matrix}{{{Equation}\quad 4\text{:}\quad\theta_{S1}} = {( {2\pi\frac{v}{c}} )( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = I}{d_{i}n_{i}}} )}} \\{{{Equation}\quad 5\text{:}\quad\theta_{P1}} = {( {2\pi\frac{v}{c}} )( {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{j = J}{d_{j}n_{j}}} )}}\end{matrix}$where c and v are the frequency and velocity of light in free space andwhere I and J are the number of optical elements which make up the delaypaths with delays θ_(S1) and θ_(P1) respectively. For each of the ioptical elements: vacuum, gas, plasma, liquid or solid which make up thedelay path θ_(S1), the i^(th) element has a physical length d_(i) and anindex of refraction n_(i). For each of the J optical elements: vacuum,gas, plasma, liquid or solid which make up the delay path θ_(P1), thej^(th) element has a physical length d_(j) and an index of refractionn_(j). Optical elements include the optical coatings associated withpolarization or intensity dependent beam splitters, which alsocontribute to optical pathlength and phase accumulations.

The delay difference between the two paths is expressed in Equation 6.${{{Equation}\quad 6\text{:}\quad\theta_{S1}} - \theta_{P1}} = {( {2\pi\frac{v}{c}} )( {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = I}{d_{i}n_{i}}} - {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{j = J}{d_{j}n_{j}}}} )}$The delay difference for the cell is proportional to the difference inthe optical path lengths between the S and P delay paths. Similarconsiderations apply in determining the delays and delay differences forthe pair of delay paths in the second cell 340.

The optical path length difference between the two delay paths in a cellcorresponds inversely with the free spectral range (FSR) generated bythe cell as evidenced in the orthogonal vector components of the outputbeam from the cell. This relationship is set forth in the followingEquation 7.${{Equation}\quad 7\text{:}\quad{FSR}} = {( \frac{c}{{L_{I} - L_{J}}} ) = {( \frac{c}{{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = I}{d_{i}n_{i}}} - {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{j = J}{d_{j}n_{j}}}}} ) = ( {2\pi\frac{v}{\theta_{S} - \theta_{P}}} )}}$where L_(I) and L_(J) are the total optical path length of the I and Jelements which make up the corresponding delay paths θ_(S) and θ_(P).

For an optical interleaver the FSR should be a constant perhaps equal tothe channel spacing between adjacent odd or even channels, e.g., 100GHz. Using Equation 7 the delay difference required to generate thisresult can be determined, and from it a solution to the optical pathlengths for each of the delay paths.

FIG. 6E is a side elevation view of the variable coupling between cellsof the multi-cell implementation shown in FIG. 6A. Coupling is used tocontrol the amount an input of polarized light that will be projectedonto the S and P delay paths of a corresponding cell. Three couplingviews 660, 662 and 664 are shown at appropriate locations at the inputto cell 322, the interface between cells 322 and 340 and at the outputof cell 340 respectively. Only one of beams 542 on one of the opticalprocessing legs, e. g. the first optical processing leg, are shown. Thethree views 660-664 are taken at the stated locations along the z-axislooking in the positive z direction along the propagation path of theinput beam 542. In the first of the coupling views 660, the polarizedinput is shown with a single input vector “I” and the orthogonalpolarization axes PI and SI of the first cell 322 are shown. The input Imay include orthogonal input vectors. The amount of light that iscoupled onto either delay path in the first cell is determined by theangle φ₁ of the incoming beam vector with the S polarization axis of thecell. In the example shown light from beam 542 will couple to the P andS delay paths in amounts proportionate with the sin²(φ₁) and thecos²(φ₁) of the angle φ₁ between the vector of the beam and the P and Saxes. Rotation of the cell about the propagation path of the beam 542can be used to vary the coupling percentages or ratios between theincoming light and the P and S delay paths. In the next coupling view662, the beam 546 from cell 322 is coupled with cell 340. The orthogonalpolarization vectors P₁, S₁ present in the output of the fundamentalcell 322 are shown along with the orthogonal polarization vectors P₂, S₂which are defined by the coupler of the next cell in the sequence, i.e.harmonic cell 340. The amount of light that is coupled onto either delaypath in the second cell is determined by the angle φ₂ between the twosets of orthogonal vectors for beam 546 and the P and S axes of cell340. The last coupling view 664, shows both the orthogonal polarizationvectors P₂, S₂ present in the output of the second cell along with asecond set of orthogonal polarization vectors P₀, S₀. This lastorthogonal vector set is used to represent the optical polarization beamsplitter/combiner/displacer 250 (see FIG. 3A) used to separate theorthogonal vectors within the single output beam into two discrete beams(not shown). The amount of light coupled onto the output beams isdefined by the angle φ₃ between the two sets of orthogonal vectors.

FIG. 6F shows the individual transforms associated with each of the fourdelay paths on one of the two optical processing legs through the twocell sequence shown in FIG. 6A. FIG. 6F shows the individual transforms688 associated with each of the four distinct delay paths from the inputof beam 542 to the output of beam 546N. The number of discrete paths ina multi-cell sequence of N cells with two delay paths between eachequals 2^(N). For two cells there are 2² or 4 discrete paths between aninput and an output. The first of these paths is along delay pathsθ_(S1) and θ_(S2) in the first cell 322 and the second cell 340respectively. The second of these paths is along delay paths θ_(S1) andθ_(P2). The third of these paths is along delay paths θ_(P1) and θ_(S2).The fourth of these paths is along delay paths θ_(P1) and θ_(P2). Thetransfer function for the optical filter in single or sequential cellembodiments is the sum of the individual transfer functions associatedwith each discrete path from input to output. Transfer functions: 688,690, 692, 694 are shown for the 1^(st) to 4^(th) paths discussed above.Each transfer function includes two terms 696-698. The first term 696corresponds to a coefficient in a Fourier series with the coefficientmagnitude proportional to the product of the coupling or cross couplingcoefficients along the particular path. The second term 698 correspondsto the frequency component associated with that coefficient. Thefrequency component corresponds with the sum of the delays along acorresponding path. This in turn corresponds with the optical pathlengths along each path. The sum of all the transfer functions forms atruncated Fourier series which fully defines the optical filter.

In an embodiment of the invention in which the opticaltelecommunications grid includes channels spaced apart by 50 GHz, amulti-cell design includes a fundamental cell of 100 GHz FSR and aharmonic cell of 50 GHz FSR to form polarization type square top combfilters. This filter can split an optical stream with 50 GHz channelspacing into two separate optical streams with odd and even 100 GHzchannel spacing respectively or combine two optical streams with 100 GHzodd and even channel spacing respectively into a single optical streamwith 50 GHz channel can spacing. The 1^(st) angle φ₁ can besubstantially equal to 45 degrees and the 2^(nd) angle can besubstantially equal to (45+15) degrees. Similarly, a first cell of 100GHz FSR and a second cell of 50 GHz FSR can be used to form an intensitytype of square top comb filters. The 1^(st) splitting ratiosubstantially equals 50/50% and the 2^(nd) splitting ratio substantiallyequals cos²(45°+15°)/sin²(45°+15°). In a multi-cell embodiment a squaretop filter function may be achieved by choosing one cell with the baseFSR and remaining cells with FSRs of integer fractional multiples of thebase FSR.

Further teachings on sequentially coupled optical filter cells may befound in either of the two following references. See E. Harris et al.,Optical Network Synthesis Using Birefringent Crystals, JOURNAL OF THEOPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, VOLUME 54, Number 10, October 1964 for ageneral discussion of transfer functions related to birefringentcrystals. See C. H. Henry et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,661 entitled“Monolithic Optical Waveguide Filters based on Fourier Expansion” issuedon Jan. 21, 1997 for a general discussion of transfer functions relatedto wave guides.

Passive Thermal Stabilization

The typical application of optical filters constructed using the abovetechniques is an optical interleaver. In order for that interleaver tofunction properly it must create the desired stop bands and pass bandsfor the odd and even channels which it separates. For currenttelecommunication applications the filter would be designed with aconstant FSR perhaps equal to the channel spacing, i.e., 100 GHz. Anoptical filter with this FSR would generate the required stop bands andpass bands in each of the orthogonal polarization vectors present on theoutput. One of the orthogonal output vectors would contain the passbands associated with the center wavelengths of the odd channels. Theother of the orthogonal output vectors would contain the pass bandsassociated with the center wavelengths of the even channels.

Temperature variations in a interleaver that may effect the performancemay result from the environment or from the power transmitted throughthe interleaver. This can result in the periodic odd and even pass bandsgenerated. by the optical filter moving out of alignment with theselected grid, i.e., the ITU grid. This is primarily because the centerwavelength of a pass band slips with temperature. This misalignmentresults in attenuation of signal strength, cross talk and ultimatelyloss of transmission/reception capability until the optical filterreturns to its original temperature. In practice therefore, the opticalfilters and interleavers fabricated there from must be thermally stableacross a range of temperatures.

One solution is to flatten the pass bands of the filter. Multi cellfilter designs such as those discussed above allow the pass bands toexhibit higher order harmonics in the form of non-sinusoidal pass bandprofiles, a.k.a. “flat tops” (see FIG. 11). The close spacing betweenthe channels in a WDM makes it desirable to design a WDM with flat passbands in order to increase the error tolerance to temperature inducedshifts in the pass bands. Even with flat top filter profiles, however,temperature stabilization is still required due to the precisetelecommunication channel spacing.

A further solution is to actively stabilize the temperature of theinterleaver using a heater or cooler and a closed loop feedback oftemperature or wavelength. This solution can be expensive and mayincrease the form factor of the interleaver. Nevertheless, the currentinvention may be practiced with active temperature stabilization. Apossible benefit to active temperature stabilization is that the opticalelements which make up each pair of delay paths may all be fabricatedfrom a common medium with identical indices of refraction and thermalexpansion coefficient.

Although capable of being utilized in systems with active temperaturestabilization, the current invention is capable of providing temperaturestability for the optical filters without active temperature controlwhere appropriate. This greatly enhances the precision of theinterleavers or systems fabricated there from and reduces system cost.The current invention is capable of providing passive temperaturestabilization of an optical interleaver, through proper selection anddesign of the optical elements which form each pair of delay paths sothat the delay difference for each pair of delay paths and hence thesystem as a whole remain constant. Since the delay difference isdirectly related to the difference in the optical path lengths thisinvention provides thermal stabilization of the delay difference. In anembodiment of the invention either the birefringent or the polarizationbeam splitting filters may be fabricated with at least one of the delaypaths having two optical elements, each of which exhibits a differentoptical path length response to temperature. Typically, this takes theform of optical elements with different thermal optic coefficients.

The system is designed so that d(L_(I)-L_(J))/dT equals substantiallyzero. This latter condition is satisfied when the derivative of thedenominator in Equation 7 substantially equals zero as set forth in thefollowing Equation 8:${{Equation}\quad 8\text{:}\quad\frac{\mathbb{d}( {L_{I} - L_{J}} )}{\mathbb{d}T}} = {{{\frac{{\mathbb{d}( {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = I}{d_{i}n_{i}}} - {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{j = J}{d_{j}n_{j}}}} )} =}{\mathbb{d}T}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{i = I}( {{d_{i}\beta_{i}} + {\alpha_{i}n_{i}d_{i}}} )}} - {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{j = J}( {{d_{j}\beta_{j}} + {\alpha_{j}n_{j}d_{j}}} )}} \approx 0}$where α_(j) and α_(j) are the thermal expansion coefficients for eachoptical element which form the S and P delay paths respectively in eachcell and where β_(i) and β_(j) are the thermal optic coefficients forthe temperature induced change in the refractive index for each elementin the S and P delay paths respectively.

The following Table 1 shows various relevant optical parameters for someoptical media which may be used to fabricate the optical elements whichmake up each pair of delay paths. TABLE 1 Fused @1550 nm Vacuum Air BK7SF5 Silica BaK1 LaSFN3 n 1 1.00027 1.50066 1.64329 1.4409 1.555171.77448 $\beta = {\frac{\mathbb{d}n}{\mathbb{d}t} \times 10^{- 6}}$ 0 0*0.907465 1.407 13.7 0.066 2.293 α × 10⁻⁶ 0 0* 5.1 8.2 0.052 7.6 6.2*assuming constant volume

The second row sets forth each material's refractive index at 1550 nm.The change in refractive index n as a function of temperature β is setforth in the third row. Row 4 sets forth the coefficient of thermalexpansion a for the medium. The selection of physical length of eachoptical component can be determined by solving Equation 4 and 5together.

Further passive thermal stabilization may be achieved by horizontallymounting a polarization beam splitting cell to a substrate asillustrated in FIG. 5N.

FIGS. 7A-B are graphs showing the complementary dispersion profilesabout a representative center frequency of one of the channels for anoptical interleaver fabricated in accordance with the current invention.The complementary dispersion profiles result from the above discussedasymmetry in the fundamental filter between the optical pathlengthsalong the portions of the first and second legs of the optical loopwhich intersect the fundamental filter. FIG. 7A shows a representativedispersion profile where coupling of light onto fast and slow paths ofeither of the optical processing legs is in equal proportions. Thedispersion profiles 700 and 702 for the first leg and the second leg areshown relative to the substantially flat line composite dispersion 704.The flat line dispersion profile results from the broadband phase shiftfor the odd and even channel sets between the first and second opticalprocessing legs in the fundamental filter cell. This phase shift of oddinteger multiples of substantially half a wavelength for each centerwavelength of a corresponding channel in both the odd set of channelsand the even set of channels causes the odd channel set and the evenchannel set to experience the fundamental filter cell as respectively afull/half waveplate and a half/full waveplate on the first and secondlegs of the optical loop within the fundamental filter cell. This phaseshift is advantageous because it improves the signal integrityassociated with multiplexing and de-multiplexing telecom communicationsby reducing overall chromatic dispersion in each of the channelsfiltered by the interleaver.

FIG. 7B shows a representative dispersion profile where coupling oflight onto fast and slow paths of either of the optical processing legsis in un-equal proportions. The dispersion profiles 710 and 714 for thefirst and second leg of the optical loop are shown relative to thecomposite dispersion 716. The composite dispersion exhibits somedeviation from the desired flat line response, but the tradeoff in termsof enhanced stop bands in the filter transform is appropriate for someapplications as will be shown in the following FIGS. 8A-E

FIGS. 8A-E are signal diagrams showing filter functions at variouslocations along the optical path of the interleaver shown in FIGS. 1-6.The signal diagrams shown in FIGS. 8A-B show the periodic comb filterfunctions to which the even channels are exposed on the first and secondlegs of the optical processing loop respectively. The first comb filterfunction to which the even channels are exposed on the first legincludes pass bands for the even channels interlaced with residualcomponents, or bleed through, of the odd channels and is shown in FIG.8A. In the first leg, in this example the even channels are subject to aphase retardation substantially equal to the incident wavelength orinteger multiples thereof. Thus there is a pass band 860 for channel 10and one for channel 12. The center frequency 864 for the pass band forchannel 12 coincides with a selected order of the incident wavelength,e.g., order 3875. Between the pass bands for the even channels there isa bleed through of the odd pass bands below the −10 dB level. The bleedthrough 862 for channel 11, as well as channels 9 and 13 are shown. Thisbleed through results from asymmetric coupling of light onto the fastand slow paths in amounts other than 50%/50%.

The coupling asymmetries in the first leg between the fast and slowpaths of each filter cell are present in the second leg as shown for theeven channels in FIG. 8B. Because of the wavelength shift of λ/2 or oddinteger multiples thereof, in the optical pathlength difference betweenthe portion of the first and second legs which intersect the fundamentalcell, the even channels are subject to a second comb filter functiondifferent than that to which they were exposed in the first sub-stage.This second comb filter function shown in FIG. 8B includes narrow stopbands, and substantially attenuated bleed-through of the odd channels.There is a pass band 866 for channel 10 and one for channel 12 with aslight dip in the flat top. The center frequency 864 for channel 12coincides with a different selected order of the incident wavelength,e.g. order 3876, than was the case in the filter of the first sub-stageas shown in FIG. 8A.

The signal diagrams shown in FIGS. 8C-D show the comb filter functionsto which the odd channels are exposed on the first and second legs ofthe optical processing loop respectively. In the first leg, in thisexample the odd channels are subject to the second comb filter functionwith a wavelength shift of λ/2 or odd integer multiples thereof. Thusthere is a pass band 870 for channel 11 and one for channels 9 and 13.The center frequency 864 for the pass band for channel 12 coincides witha selected order of the incident wavelength, e.g. order 3875. The filterfunction for the odd channels in the first sub-stage exhibits narrowstop bands, and substantially attenuated bleed-through. The couplingasymmetries in the first leg between the fast and slow paths of eachfilter cell are present in the second leg.

As show in FIG. 8D the wavelength shift of λ/2 in the optical pathlengthdifference between the portion of the first and second legs whichintersects the fundamental cell results in the odd channels also beingsubject to a different, i.e. complementary filter function, to thatexperienced in the first leg. The odd channels are exposed to the firstcomb filter function with a wavelength shift of λ/2 or odd integermultiples thereof. There is a pass band 874 for channel 11 and one forchannels 9, 13. Between the pass bands for the odd channels there is ableed through of the even pass bands below the −10 dB level. The bleedthrough 872 for channel 10, as well as channel 12 is shown. This bleedthrough results from asymmetric coupling of light onto the fast and slowpaths in amounts other than 50%/50%. The same coupling ratios used inthe first leg are applied in the second leg. The center frequency 864for the pass band for channel 12 coincides with a different selectedorder of the incident wavelength, e.g. order 3876, than was the case inthe fundamental filter on the first leg as shown in FIG. 8C.

FIG. 8E shows the composite performance for the interleaver for both theodd and even channels. The pass band 810 for even channel 10 as well asfor channel 12 is shown. The pass band 812 for odd channel 11 as well asfor channels 9 13 are also shown. Each pass band exhibits steep sideprofiles and broad stop bands when compared with prior art designs. Thepass band 812 for channel 11 is shown with a broad flat top 804 and withbroad pass bands 816, 818. Superimposed on the pass band 812 is a skirt820 representative of traditional pass band profiles. By comparison thecurrent interleaver exhibits a significant improvement in the pass bandprofiles it generates with relatively steeper sides and broader stopbands. These improvements translate into increases in the signalintegrity of the telecommunications data handled by the interleaver.

In alternate embodiments of the invention, the various filter, retroreflector and other elements of the optical interleaver may befabricated on a common semi-conductor substrate. The various components:reflectors, couplers, and optical elements may be fabricated using acombination of etching and deposition techniques well know in thesemi-conductor industry.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formsdisclosed. Obviously many modifications and variations will be apparentto practitioners skilled in this art.

1. A device for processing optical signals, comprising: a firstcollimator that optically couples an optical signal for processing; oneor more optical components that are optically coupled to the firstcollimator and perform optical processing on the optical signal, whereinat least one optical component has two surfaces with an antireflectivecoating, at least one of which is tilted at an angle from normal withrespect to the optical signal so as to reduce chromatic dispersionripple that would otherwise be introduced by the at least one opticalcomponent if the two surfaces were normal to the optical signal; and asecond collimator optically coupled to the one or more opticalcomponents that receives the optical signal from the first collimatorand one or more optical components.
 2. A device as recited in claim 1,wherein the one or more optical components comprise a plurality ofoptical component.
 3. A device as recited in claim 2, wherein exactlyone of the plurality of optical
 4. A device as recited in claim 2,wherein more than one of the plurality of optical components are tilted.5. A device as recited in claim 1, wherein the two surfaces are parallelto each other.
 6. A device as recited in claim 1, wherein an end of theat least one optical component is polished to the angle, such that whenthe at least one optical component is mounted on the end to a flatsurface, the two parallel surfaces of the at least one optical componentare tilted at the angle.
 7. A device as recited in claim 1, wherein theangle is between 2.5 and 3.0 degrees, inclusive.
 8. A device as recitedin claim 1, wherein the optical signal is a broadband telecommunicationsignal.
 9. A filter cell for filtering optical signals propagating oneach of two legs of an optical loop which intersects the filter cell,the filter cell operating as a full waveplate to a first set of one ormore optical signals and a half waveplate to a second set of one or moreoptical signals on one of the two legs and as a half waveplate to thefirst set of one or more optical signals and a full waveplate to thesecond set of one or more optical signals on another of the two legs,the filter cell comprising: a first polarization beam splitter (PBS)oriented to split or combine the first and second sets of one or moreoptical signals depending on polarization and propagation directionalong the optical loop, the first PBS having two surfaces, at least oneof which is tilted at an angle from normal with respect to thepropagation direction of the optical signals so as to reduce chromaticdispersion ripple that would otherwise be introduced if the two surfaceswere normal to the propagation direction; one or more optical componentsoptically coupled to the first PBS for optically processing at least oneof the optical signals; and a second PBS optically coupled to the firstPBS and the one or more optical components to split or combine the firstand second sets of one or more optical signals depending on polarizationand propagation direction along the optical loop, the second PBS havingtwo surfaces, at least one of which is tilted at an angle from normalwith respect to the propagation direction of the optical signals so asto reduce chromatic dispersion ripple that would otherwise be introducedif the two surfaces where normal to the propagation direction, whereinthe second PBS is oriented to split the first and second sets of onemore optical signals when the first PBS is oriented to combine, andwherein the second PBS is oriented to combine the first and second setsof one or more optical signals when the first PBS is oriented to split.10. A filter cell as recited in claim 9, wherein the first PBS and thesecond PBS comprise at least one prism and a parallel plate.
 11. Afilter cell as recited in claim 10, wherein at least one surface of theparallel plate is coated with a multilayer dielectric polarizing beamsplitter coating.
 12. A filter cell as recited in claim 11, wherein twosurfaces of the parallel plate are coated with a multilayer dielectricpolarizing beam splitter coating.
 13. A filter cell as recited in claim10, wherein at least one surface of the parallel plate is coated with areflective dielectric coating.
 14. A filter cell as recited in claim 10,wherein at least one of the first PBS or the second PBS comprises twoprisms and a parallel plate.
 15. A filter cell as recited in claim 9,wherein the two surfaces of each PBS are parallel to each other.
 16. Afilter cell as recited in claim 15, wherein an end of the first PBSadjacent to the two parallel surfaces is polished to the angle, suchthat when the first PBS is mounted on the end to a flat surface, the twoparallel surfaces of the first PBS are tilted at the angle.
 17. A filtercell as recited in claim 9, wherein the first and second PBSs aremounted to a base, and wherein at least a portion of the base ispolished to the angle such that either the first PBS or the second PBSor both are tilted at the angle.
 18. A filter cell as recited in claim9, wherein the angle is between 2.5 and 3.0 degrees, inclusive.
 19. Afilter cell as recited in claim 9, wherein the optical signals comprisea broadband telecommunication signal.
 20. A filter cell as recited inclaim 9, wherein the two surfaces of the first PBS are coated with anantireflective coating.
 21. A filter cell as recited in claim 9, whereinthe filter cell further comprises a pair of delay paths including a fastdelay path and a slow delay path.
 22. A filter cell as recited in claim21, wherein the first PBS and the second PBS asymmetrically split andcombine the optical signals between the fast delay path and the slowdelay path depending on the optical signals' polarization.
 23. Apolarization beam splitter for use as a compact polarization beamdisplacer that splits or combines one or more optical signals dependingon the polarization and propagation direction of the one or more opticalsignals, comprising: a first prism having a hypotenuse and two adjacentsides; a parallel plate comprising first and second parallel surfacesseparated by a displacement distance, wherein the first parallel surfaceis optically coupled to the first prism along the first prism'shypotenuse; a dielectric polarizing beam splitter coating, between thefirst prism and the parallel plate, that splits a combined opticalsignal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal, eachhaving different polarizations, or combines the first optical signal andthe second optical signal, each having different polarizations, into thecombined optical signal, depending on the polarization and propagationdirection of the optical signals; and a dielectric coating along thesecond surface of the parallel plate that, depending on propagationdirection, directs the second optical signal, which is displaced fromthe combined optical signal and the first optical signal by thedisplacement distance, for either further processing or combination withthe first optical signal.
 24. A polarization beam splitter as recited inclaim 23, wherein the dielectric polarizing beam splitter coating coversthe hypotenuse of the first prism.
 25. A polarization beam splitter asrecited in claim 23, wherein the dielectric polarizing beam splittercoating covers the first parallel surface of the parallel plate.
 26. Apolarization beam splitter as recited in claim 23, wherein thedielectric coating comprises a reflective dielectric coating.
 27. Apolarization beam splitter as recited in claim 23, wherein thedielectric coating comprises a polarizing beam splitter coating.
 28. Apolarization beam splitter as recited in claim 23, a second prism havinga hypotenuse and two adjacent sides, wherein the second parallel surfaceis optically coupled to the second prism along the second prism'shypotenuse.
 29. A polarization beam splitter as recited in claim 28,wherein the dielectric coating covers the hypotenuse of the secondprism.
 30. A polarization beam splitter as recited in claim 28, whereinthe dielectric coating covers the second parallel surface of theparallel plate.
 31. A polarization beam splitter as recited in claim 28,wherein the first parallel surface of the parallel plate forms acomplementary angle with respect to the hypotenuse of the first prism,and the second parallel surface of the parallel plate forms acomplementary angle with respect to the hypotenuse of the second prism.32. A polarization beam splitter as recited in claim 23, wherein thecombined optical signal comprises an unpolarized optical signal, andwherein the first and second optical signals comprise two orthogonallypolarized optical signals
 33. A polarization beam splitter as recited inclaim 23, wherein the first and second optical signals comprise two setsof optical channels.
 34. A polarization beam splitter as recited inclaim 23, wherein the first prism and the parallel plate are bonded toeach other by an optical contact bond.
 35. An optical interleaver forprocessing optical signals which include a first set of one or moreoptical signals and a second set of one or more optical signals, theoptical interleaver comprising: a filter cell for filtering opticalsignals propagating on each of two legs of an optical loop whichintersects the filter cell, comprising: a first polarization beamsplitter (PBS) oriented to split or combine the first and second sets ofone or more optical signals depending on polarization and propagationdirection, the first PBS having two surfaces, at least one of which istilted at an angle from normal with respect to the propagation directionso as to reduce chromatic dispersion ripple introduced by the filtercell; one or more optical components optically coupled to the first PBS;and a second PBS optically coupled to the first PBS and the one or moreoptical components, the second PBS having two surfaces, at least one ofwhich is tilted at an angle from normal with respect to the propagationdirection of the optical signals, wherein the second PBS is oriented tosplit when the first PBS is oriented to combine; a retro reflectoroptically coupled with the filter cell to reflect the optical signalsfrom one of the two legs to an other of the two legs to form the opticalloop; and an optical polarization beam displacer optically coupledbetween the filter cell and the retro reflector to split or combine thefirst and second sets of one or more optical signals depending onpolarization and propagation direction along the optical loop.
 36. Aoptical interleaver as recited in claim 35, wherein the filter cellfurther comprises a zero-order half waveplate optically coupled to thesecond PBS.
 37. An optical interleaver as recited in claim 35, whereinthe filter cell comprises a fundamental filter cell.
 38. An opticalinterleaver as recited in claim 37, further comprising a harmonic filtercell optically coupled to the fundamental filter cell and the opticalpolarization beam displacer to filter the optical signals on both legsof the optical loop with a higher order harmonic.
 39. An opticalinterleaver as recited in claim 38, further comprising a zero-orderwaveplate optically coupled between the harmonic filter cell and thefundamental filter cell to rotate polarization vectors of the opticalsignals between the fundamental filter cell and the harmonic filter cellin order to align the fundamental filter cell and the harmonic filtercell with each other.
 40. An optical interleaver as recited in claim 35,wherein the filter cell further comprises a pair of delay pathsincluding a fast delay path and a slow delay path.
 41. An opticalinterleaver as recited in claim 40, wherein the first PBS and the secondPBS asymmetrically split and combine the optical signals between thefast delay path and the slow delay path depending on the opticalsignals' polarization.
 42. An optical interleaver as recited in claim40, wherein the first PBS and the second PBS symmetrically split andcombine the optical signals between the fast delay path and the slowdelay path depending on the optical signals' polarization.
 43. Anoptical interleaver as recited in claim 35, wherein the first and secondsets of one or more optical signals comprise an odd set of channels andan even set of channels.
 44. An optical interleaver as recited in claim35, wherein the two surfaces of each PBS are parallel to each other. 45.An optical interleaver as recited in claim 35, wherein the opticalpolarization beam displacer comprises a polarization beam splitter.